雅思單字:政府與政治
政府與政治在雅思中主要以公共開支和責任的形式出現:government 是否應承擔大學教育費用?應把錢花在 infrastructure 還是藝術上?富國是否應向窮國提供更多 aid?你不需要表達政治立場也能答好,但需要清晰、中性的詞彙。
本詞組整理了這些詞彙。政治制度:democracy、parliament、minister、politician、election、vote、voter、campaign。決策及其影響:policy、reform、regulate、authority、administration。public sector(由國家運營的公共部門)常與私營部門對比,這一組概念在醫療和交通類作文中非常有用。
政府層級同樣重要:地方事務用 council,全國層面用 national 和 federal,國家間合作用 international。外交方面有 foreign、diplomat、diplomacy、treaty、conflict、war、peace、military、defence。注意英式拼寫 defence,如果你用英式英語寫作,應保持拼寫一致。
討論危機與開支時常用 crisis 和 aid:"International aid helps countries recover from natural disasters." 論證優先事項時,"The government should prioritise infrastructure, such as roads and public transport, over military spending"這樣的句子能體現詞彙廣度與控制力。保持論述平衡:考官評判的是語言和推理,而不是你站在哪一方。
很多考生每段都用 "the government should"。可以用 policy、reform、legislation 等名詞變換句式,例如 "A reform of the tax system could fund better public services." 這樣的小調整能同時提升詞彙和語法多樣性——評分標準中的兩個獨立維度。
每天進行簡短練習:今天學的詞明天隔夜複習,調度器隨後逐步拉開間隔。學完後,選一個公共開支領域,寫三句話說明政府為什麼應加大投入,並使用本詞組至少五個單字。
| 單字 | 音標 | 詞性 | 英文釋義 | 中文 | 等級 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| government | /ˈɡʌvənmənt/ | n. | group of people and system which rule a nation | n. 政府;n. 治理;政體 | A2 |
| policy | /ˈpɒləsi/ | n. | course of action proposed by an organization, etc. | n. 政策;方針;原則;n. 保險單;保險合同 | B1 |
| politics | /ˈpɒlətɪks/ | n. | activities influencing the policies of a government | n. 政治;政治活動;n. 政治觀點;政治立場 | B1 |
| political | /pəˈlɪtɪkəl/ | adj. | concerning government or public affairs | adj. 政治的;政黨的 | B1 |
| politician | /ˌpɒləˈtɪʃən/ | n. | someone who is active in politics | n. 政治家;政客 | B1 |
| election | /ɪˈlekʃən/ | n. | process of choosing someone by voting | n. 選舉;n. 當選 | B1 |
| vote | /vəʊt/ | v. | to make a choice for or against, as in an election | v. 投票;表決;n. 選票;投票;表決 | B1 |
| voter | /ˈvəʊtə/ | n. | a person who can vote in an election | n. 選民;投票人 | B2 |
| democracy | /dɪˈmɒkrəsi/ | n. | a system of government in which the people of a country can vote to elect who will govern them | n. 民主;民主政體;n. 民主國家 | B2 |
| parliament | /ˈpɑːləmənt/ | n. | A country's group of representatives that debates and makes laws | n. 議會;國會 | B2 |
| minister | /ˈmɪnɪstə/ | n. | an official who heads a government department | n. 部長;大臣;n. 牧師 | B2 |
| authority | /ɔːˈθɒrəti/ | n. | people in positions of power, able to decide things | n. 權力;職權;n. 當局;主管機構 | B2 |
| official | /əˈfɪʃəl/ | adj. | of or done by someone in authority; formal | adj. 官方的;正式的;n. 官員;高級職員 | B1 |
| public | /ˈpʌblɪk/ | adj. | concerning society in general | adj. 公眾的;公用的;公開的;adj. 政府的;公立的 | A2 |
| sector | /ˈsektə/ | n. | area that includes certain kinds of job | n. 行業;部門;領域;n. 區域;地段 | B2 |
| administration | /ədˌmɪnɪˈstreɪʃən/ | n. | the work of running something (e.g., a business) | n. 管理;行政工作;n. 政府;行政管理層 | B2 |
| council | /ˈkaʊnsəl/ | n. | group chosen to make decisions about something | n. 地方議會;委員會 | B1 |
| campaign | /kæmˈpeɪn/ | n. | to work in an organized and active way toward a goal | n. 有組織的運動;宣傳活動;v. 開展運動;參加活動 | B1 |
| reform | /rɪˈfɔːm/ | v. | to improve society by removing abuse and injustices | v. 改革;改進;n. 改革;改良措施 | B2 |
| federal | /'fedərəl/ | adj. | system of government | adj. 聯邦的, 聯合的, 同盟的 | L1 |
| national | /ˈnæʃənəl/ | adj. | concerning a nation as a whole | adj. 國家的;全國的;n. 某國國民 | B1 |
| international | /ˌɪntəˈnæʃənəl/ | adj. | done or relating to several countries, not just your own | adj. 國際的;跨國的;n. 國際比賽;國家隊選手 | A2 |
| foreign | /ˈfɒrən/ | adj. | being of a different place or country | adj. 外國的;來自國外的;adj. 異物的;外來的 | A2 |
| diplomat | /ˈdɪpləmæt/ | n. | An official who represents their country in relations with other countries | n. 外交官;n. 善於交際的人 | B2 |
| diplomacy | /dɪˈpləʊməsi/ | n. | Managing relations between countries through discussion and negotiation | n. 外交;外交活動;n. 交際手腕;圓通 | C1 |
| treaty | /ˈtriːti/ | n. | an agreement between nations | n. 條約;國家間協議 | B2 |
| conflict | /ˈkɒnflɪkt/ | n. | to have opposite ideas; to disagree; to not match | n. 衝突;爭執;n. 矛盾;牴觸 | B2 |
| war | /wɔː/ | n. | situation where armies fight each other | n. 戰爭;n. 鬥爭;對抗 | A2 |
| peace | /piːs/ | n. | time when there is no war or fighting | n. 和平;和睦;n. 安寧;平靜 | A2 |
| military | /ˈmɪlɪtəri/ | adj. | concerning soldiers or the armed forces | adj. 軍事的;軍隊的;n. 軍隊;武裝力量 | B2 |
| defence | /dɪˈfens/ | n. | Action taken to protect someone or something from attack or harm | n. 防禦;保護;n. 辯護;答辯 | B2 |
| crisis | /ˈkraɪsɪs/ | n. | unstable situation of extreme danger or difficulty | n. 危機;緊要關頭 | B2 |
| aid | /eɪd/ | n. | to provide things useful or needed by others | n. 援助;救助;v. 幫助;促進 | B2 |
| infrastructure | /'infrəstrʌktʃə/ | n. | the basic structure or features of a system or organization; the stock of basic facilities and capital equipment needed for the functioning of a country or area | n. 基礎結構, 基礎設施 | L2 |
| regulate | /ˈreɡjuleɪt/ | v. | to make rules or laws to control something or someone | v. 監管;管制;v. 調節;控制 | B2 |
其他話題
資料來源與致謝
- 詞目和英文釋義: New General Service List 1.2 & New Academic Word List 1.2 — Browne, C., Culligan, B. & Phillips, J., CC BY-SA 4.0
- 音標、CEFR 等級、例句和中文釋義: Word Atlas — Word Atlas contributors — CC BY 4.0. 修改說明:選取部分欄位,釋義精簡,中文轉換為繁體。
- 補充音標和中文翻譯: ECDICT (MIT)
- 複習排程: ts-fsrs (MIT)
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