雅思單字：環境
環境是雅思寫作 Task 2 最常見的話題之一：個人和政府誰該為治理 pollution 負更多責任？經濟增長與環境保護能否兼顧？為什麼有些國家產生的垃圾遠多於其他國家？口語 Part 3 也常從"你在家會垃圾分類嗎"這樣的個人問題，過渡到關於 climate 政策的宏觀討論，所以你需要既能談日常、又能談政策的詞彙。
本詞組按"原因—影響—對策"的思路整理詞彙。描述原因時，用 emission、deforestation、consumption、pesticide 精確點出問題，而不是反覆說"對自然不好"；描述影響時，extinction、drought、erosion、biodiversity 能說明後果有多嚴重；提出對策時，記住 renewable、conservation、sustainable、recycle，並以短語形式練習：renewable energy、wildlife conservation、sustainable development。
準確度和詞彙量同樣重要。注意 environment（名詞，環境）與 environmental（形容詞，如 environmental damage）的區別；extinct 是形容詞（an extinct species），extinction 是名詞（the extinction of the tiger）。考官在"詞彙豐富程度"評分項中會留意這類詞性控制，用錯詞形很容易被扣分。
建議保持穩定的學習節奏：今天學幾張新卡，明天應用會安排一次"隔夜複習"——這正是遺忘最快的時候；記牢的卡片之後間隔會越來越長，把時間留給仍然困難的詞。每次學完，試著用卡片背面的詞寫兩句關於本地環境問題的句子，例如："The city has reduced plastic waste, but air pollution from traffic is still serious." 把單字放進自己的句子裡，是把"認識"變成"會用"的最快方法。
| 單字 | 音標 | 詞性 | 英文釋義 | 中文 | 等級 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| environment | /ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt/ | n. | natural world in which plants and animals live | n. 自然環境；n. 生活或工作環境 | A2 |
| pollution | /pəˈluːʃən/ | n. | dirty or dangerous waste released into an environment | n. 汙染 | B1 |
| emission | /ɪˈmɪʃən/ | n. | a substance (e.g. gas) released into the air | n. 排放物；排放量；n. 排放；發出 | B2 |
| climate | /ˈklaɪmət/ | n. | typical weather conditions in a particular place | n. 氣候；n. 社會環境；風氣；氛圍 | B1 |
| atmosphere | /ˈætməsfɪə/ | n. | The mixture of gases surrounding the Earth; the feeling that a place or situation gives you | n. 氣氛；氛圍；n. 大氣；大氣層 | B1 |
| carbon | /ˈkɑːbən/ | n. | a chemical element (C) found in all living things | n. 碳 | B1 |
| fossil | /ˈfɒsəl/ | n. | a plant or animal that has become rock after many thousands of years | n. 化石 | B2 |
| fuel | /ˈfjuːəl/ | n. | material used to produce heat or power when burned | n. 燃料；v. 給……加燃料 | B1 |
| renewable | /rɪˈnjuːəbl/ | adj. | Naturally replaced and therefore available for continued use | adj. （能源、資源）可再生的；adj. 可續期的 | B2 |
| solar | /ˈsəʊlə/ | adj. | to do with the sun, like sunlight or the heat from the sun | adj. 太陽的；adj. 利用太陽能的 | B1 |
| wind | /wɪnd/, /waɪnd/ | n. | natural movement of outside air as part of the weather | n. 風；v. 纏繞；卷繞 | A2 |
| energy | /ˈenədʒi/ | n. | physical or mental strength | n. 精力；活力；n. 能量；能源 | A2 |
| conservation | /ˌkɒnsəˈveɪʃən/ | n. | the management of land and water in ways that stop it from being damaged | n. 自然環境保護；n. 節約；資源保護 | B2 |
| conserve | /kənˈsɜːv/ | v. | to keep safe | v. 節約；避免浪費；v. 保護；保存 | B2 |
| habitat | /ˈhæbɪtæt/ | n. | the natural place, or type of place, where a plant or animal lives | n. 棲息地；生存環境 | B2 |
| species | /ˈspiːʃiːz/ | n. | a group of related animals or plant | n. 物種 | B2 |
| extinct | /ɪkˈstɪŋkt/ | adj. | having no living members left | adj. 滅絕的；adj. 死的；不再噴發的 | B2 |
| extinction | /ɪkˈstɪŋkʃən/ | n. | the complete disappearance of a species or type of thing | n. 滅絕；消亡 | B2 |
| biodiversity | n. | the variation in an environment, the number of different types of life found there | n. 生物多樣性 | L3 | |
| ecosystem | /ˈiːkəʊsɪstəm/ | n. | Living things and their environment interacting as a connected system | n. 生態系統 | B2 |
| deforestation | /ˌdiːfɒrɪˈsteɪʃən/ | n. | The clearing of forests by cutting down trees | n. 森林砍伐；毀林 | B2 |
| forest | /ˈfɒrɪst/ | n. | large area with many trees | n. 森林；林區 | A2 |
| drought | /draʊt/ | n. | A long period with little or no rain | n. 乾旱；旱災 | B2 |
| flood | /flʌd/ | n. | a large amount of water covering land that is usually dry | n. 洪水；水災；v. 淹沒；被水淹 | B1 |
| waste | /weɪst/ | v. | to use valuable things ineffectively | v. 浪費；n. 廢物；垃圾 | A2 |
| recycle | /ˌriːˈsaɪkəl/ | v. | to process used materials so they can be used again | v. 回收利用 | B1 |
| recycling | /ˌriːˈsaɪklɪŋ/ | n. | the process of turning waste into materials usable again | n. 回收利用；n. 待回收物品 | B1 |
| landfill | /ˈlændfɪl/ | n. | A place where waste is buried in the ground | n. 垃圾填埋場；n. 垃圾填埋 | B2 |
| plastic | /ˈplæstɪk/ | n. | a very common, light, strong material that can be formed into many different shapes and is made by a chemical process | n. 塑料；adj. 塑料制的 | A2 |
| sustainable | /səˈsteɪnəbl/ | adj. | capable of continuing for a long time at the same level; does not damage the environment | adj. 不破壞環境的；可持續的；adj. 可長期維持的 | B2 |
| sustainability | /sə,stenə'bɪlɪti/ | n. | the property of being sustainable | n. 持續性, 能維持性, 永續性 | L3 |
| greenhouse | /ˈɡriːnhaʊs/ | n. | a glass or plastic building that keeps growing plants warm | n. 溫室；暖房 | B2 |
| ozone | /ˈəʊzəʊn/ | n. | A gas whose molecules each contain three oxygen atoms | n. 臭氧 | B2 |
| contaminate | /kənˈtæmɪneɪt/ | v. | make something dirty or unsafe by adding harmful substances | v. 汙染；使受汙染 | C1 |
| toxic | /'tɒksik/ | adj. | poisonous; harmful | adj. 有毒的, 中毒的 | L2 |
| pesticide | /ˈpestɪsaɪd/ | n. | a chemical substance used to kill pests | n. 農藥；殺蟲劑 | B2 |
| wildlife | /ˈwaɪldlaɪf/ | n. | Animals and other living things in their natural surroundings | n. 野生動物；野生生物 | B1 |
| endangered | /in'deindʒəd/ | adj. | (of flora or fauna) in imminent danger of extinction | adj. 有生命危險的；瀕臨滅絕的 | L2 |
| resource | /rɪˈzɔːs/ | n. | essential supply of something | n. 資源；財力；人力；n. 資料；學習資源 | B1 |
| consumption | /kənˈsʌmpʃən/ | n. | how much is spent on things; the process of eating and drinking | n. 消耗；消費；n. 食用；飲用；攝入量 | B2 |
| reduce | /rɪˈdjuːs/ | v. | to make something smaller or use less of it | v. 減少；降低；縮小 | B1 |
| preserve | /prɪˈzɜːv/ | v. | to keep something in an unchanged or perfect condition | v. 保護；保存；維持；v. 保藏食物 | B2 |
| protect | /prəˈtekt/ | v. | to defend someone or something from harm or danger | v. 保護；防護 | A2 |
| environmental | /ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmentəl/ | adj. | of the natural world in which plants and animals live | adj. 自然環境的；環保的；adj. 周圍環境的 | B1 |
| global | /ˈɡləʊbəl/ | adj. | concerning, affecting, or involving the entire world | adj. 全球的；世界性的；adj. 整體的；全面的 | B1 |
| warming | /'wɔ:miŋ/ | n. | imparting heat | n. 暖和, 加溫, 暖熱, 溫暖, (非正式)打, 鞭打 | L2 |
| temperature | /ˈtemprətʃə/ | n. | a measure of how hot or cold something is (e.g., the weather) | n. 溫度；氣溫；體溫；n. 發燒 | A2 |
| glacier | /'gleiʃə/ | n. | a slowly moving mass of ice | n. 冰川 | L3 |
| ocean | /ˈəʊʃən/ | n. | large body of salt water that covers most of the surface of the earth | n. 海洋；大洋 | A2 |
| coastal | /'kəustəl/ | adj. | of or relating to a coast; located on or near or bordering on a coast | adj. 海岸的, 沿海的, 沿岸的 | L2 |
| erosion | /ɪˈrəʊʒən/ | n. | The gradual removal of soil or rock by natural forces | n. 侵蝕；風化剝蝕；n. 逐漸削弱；損耗 | C1 |
| organic | /ɔːˈɡænɪk/ | adj. | concerning food made with few or no chemicals | adj. 有機種植的；有機的；adj. 有機物的；生物體的 | B2 |
| natural | /ˈnætʃərəl/ | adj. | not made by humans; without human intervention | adj. 天然的；自然界的；adj. 天生的 | A2 |
| disaster | /dɪˈzɑːstə/ | n. | something that causes a lot of harm or damage | n. 災難；災禍；n. 徹底的失敗；糟糕的事 | B1 |
| earthquake | /ˈɜːθkweɪk/ | n. | Sudden shaking of the ground caused by movement beneath Earth's surface | n. 地震 | B1 |
| shortage | /ˈʃɔːtɪdʒ/ | n. | a situation in which there is not enough of something | n. 短缺；不足 | B2 |
| scarce | /skeəs/ | adj. | not available in large enough amounts to meet demand | adj. 稀缺的；不足的 | B2 |
| footprint | /ˈfʊtprɪnt/ | n. | A mark left by a foot on a surface | n. 腳印；足跡；n. 佔用空間 | B2 |
| degrade | /dɪˈɡreɪd/ | v. | to treat someone without respect; to reduce in amount or strength | v. 使惡化；降低質量；v. 降解；分解 | C1 |
其他話題
資料來源與致謝
- 詞目和英文釋義: New General Service List 1.2 & New Academic Word List 1.2 — Browne, C., Culligan, B. & Phillips, J., CC BY-SA 4.0
- 音標、CEFR 等級、例句和中文釋義: Word Atlas — Word Atlas contributors — CC BY 4.0. 修改說明：選取部分欄位，釋義精簡，中文轉換為繁體。
- 補充音標和中文翻譯: ECDICT (MIT)
- 複習排程: ts-fsrs (MIT)
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